ECUADOR
Cities in ECUADOR
| Quito |
Popular destinations ECUADOR
| Galapagos islands |
Geography
Ecuador (officially: República del Ecuador) is a republic in the northwest of South America, 272,045 km2 (including the Galápagos islands) in size and also the westernmost country in South America and the smallest Andean country.
Ecuador SatellitePhoto NASAPhoto: Public domain
Because Ecuador and Peru both claim a large piece of jungle, the surface cannot be determined exactly. The country gets its name from its location around the equator or equator. The equator runs just north of the capital Quito which lies at an altitude of 2850 meters and thus after La Paz in Bolivia is the second highest capital in the world.
To the south and east Ecuador is bordered by Peru (1,420 km) and in the northeast by Columbia (590 km). Ecuador also includes the Galapagos islands, a group of thirteen large and many dozens of smaller islands. This archipelago is located about 1000 km off the coast in the Pacific Ocean and at the level of the equator.
Landscape
Ecuador has roughly three landscapes on the mainland, while the Galápagos islands can be considered as a separate landscape. Apart from the fact that the landscapes differ greatly, so is the climate, the plant and animal world, the inhabitants and the economy.
The Costa is the 20 to 150 km wide, alluvial coastal plain with the basin of the Río Guayas, the largest river in the coastal area, closed to the west by a sandstone plateau (up to 300 m high) with a cliff coast. On the coast are some hills that are up to 800 meters high. Vast forests and plantations gradually change towards Peru into a narrow desert strip that extends far into Chile. The main river in the north is the Río Esmeraldas.
The Sierra is in fact the highland of the Andes mountains formed by two parallel chains of the Andes, the Cordillera Occidental and the Cordillera Oriental. These cordilleras are connected by high thresholds (nudos), with a number of large bowls (hoyas) in between at a height of about 3000 meters. The northern basins drain to the Pacific Ocean and the southern basins to the Amazon.
La Chimborazo (6267 m), highest peak of the Cordillera Occidental, EcuadorPhoto: Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA 3.0 no changes made
Ecuador has a number of high (volcanic) mountains, including the inactive Chimborazo (6267 meters), the highest mountain in Ecuador with a permanent ice cap, and the Cotopaxi (5897 meters), the highest active volcano in the world. Other high peaks are the Cayambe (5790 meters) and the Antisana (5703 meters). Most of these peaks are covered with gigantic glaciers. Earthquakes occur frequently, in the entire Andean region there are dozens per year. These earthquakes are the result of the break in the earth's crust that runs along the west coast of South America. In many places the water from hot springs flows from the mountain slopes.
The Oriente is an eastward sloping tropical jungle area (la selva), with drainage via the Río Putumayo, Río Napo (855 km), Río Curaray and Río Pastaza to the Amazon (the Amazon itself does not flow through Ecuador). This "green lung" is seriously threatened by the almost uninhibited clearing of the jungle. The west and northwest coasts are being discovered by beach lovers as a tropical holiday destination. The highest waterfall in the country is the San Rafael waterfall (145 meters) in the Quijos River.
Galápagos Islands
Satellite photo Galapagos IslandsPhoto:Public domain
Geography
Galápagos Islands (literally translated: Turtle Islands;officially: Archipiélago de Colón), is a province of Ecuador and consists of thirteen large and more than forty small islands, five of which are inhabited. The archipelago is located 970 km west of the coast of Ecuador in the Pacific Ocean. Costa Rica is located 1100 km northeast of the archipelago. The total land area is approximately 7800 km2 and the entire archipelago extends over an area of approximately 60,000 km2. The largest island is Isabela (formerly: Albemarle;50% of the total province).
The islands are of volcanic origin and hundreds of volcanoes determine the landscape. The oldest peaks are 4-5 million years old and the area is one of the most active volcanic regions in the world. On the islands of Isabela, Fernandina and Marchena there are still frequent eruptions, the last of the volcano La Cumbre on the island of Fernandina in 1995 and the Cerro Azul on Isabela in October 1998. The islands have never been connected to the mainland and therefore a unique area has emerged from a biological point of view.
The coastal regions of the islands are often desert or steppe-like. Tropical forest is only found on the highest parts of the slopes of the volcanoes. In 1959 the archipelago was declared a national park.
The highest point is the Cerro Azul on the island of Isabela and measures 1,689 meters. Measured from the seabed, the volcano is about 4500 meters high. On the island of San Cristóbal is the capital Puerto Baquerizo Moreno where about half of the population lives.
The inhabitants of the Galápagos live from the cultivation of sugar cane, cotton, vegetables and fruits and further from fishing. and livestock and of course from tourism.
Climate
The islands are located on the equator, but there are large seasonal differences, mainly due to the influence of the sea currents . From June to December there is often a strong wind and the temperature does not exceed 18 ° C;and 20 ° C. From January to May, temperatures are between 24°and 28°C with regular tropical downpours. There is a lot of rainfall in September and October.
Vegetation Galapagos IslandsPhoto: MusikAnimal CC 4.0 International no changes made
Plants and animals
Compared to the animal world, the plant world is quite monotonous, but very special. About half of the 350 native species are endemic. The relatively small number of species is due to the drought on the islands and the barren soil.
On the southern slopes of the mountains there is a rainforest with, among other things, numerous woody composites. Some characteristic plants are the eagle fern, the miconia and the scalesia. The scalesia is the Darwinian finch of the plants. They vary from shrubs to meter-high trees, but descend from one species. On the coast, special cactus-like plants such as Euphorbia viminea and Opuntia galapagensis grow and sometimes form gigantic prickly pear forests there. The meter-high candelabra cactus is striking because of its large tube-like leaves. On the coast we also find different types of mangrove: black, white, red and button mangrove.
Another striking plant is the "palo santo", the wood of which spreads a striking scent, which is like incense to the mainland of Ecuador is being exported. The lava cactus grows on pure lava.
It is remarkable that there are no palm trees on the islands, unlike all other islands in the Pacific Ocean. Inland, where it is a bit more humid, the landscape is characterized by extensive savannas. For example, here grows the "lechesos", a 10 meter high type of sunflower. Flowers only have a white or yellow color. The younger islands are practically barren.
The animal world of the Galápagos is scientifically very important: there are antarctic shapes (pinguïns) and tropical elements side by side. There are many endemic species i.e. those that occur only on the GaláPagos Islands;this is especially true of the breeding birds (76 species out of 89) and the reptiles.
The study of this animal world helped to underpin the theory of evolution of Charles Robert Darwin, who visited the islands in 1835 on his legendary journey with the Beagle. He also noted that animal species change under pressure from the environment, and as a result, new species will eventually emerge. Furthermore, the islands are famous for the presence of closely related subspecies on the different islands. It is remarkable that the animals on the islands are naturally tame due to the lack of natural enemies.
Feral pets, mainly goats, pigs, dogs, cats and rats have the original animal (and plant) world for an important part has been reduced and here and there certain forms have already been outcompeted. Reasonably successful efforts are being made to contain this danger to the native animal world.
Birds
Albatros Galapagos IslandsPhoto: Putneymark CC 2.0 Generic no changes made
The cormorant can fly anywhere in the world, except on the GaláPagos Islands. The walking cormorant has too small wings to fly. They can only be found along the coasts of the islands of Fernandina and Isabela.
The largest seabird of the Galápagos islands is the Albatross with a wingspan of almost 2.5 meters. From January to March they live at sea almost all the time. The rest of the year they live almost together on the island of Española.
The large pink flamingos live in large groups and can reach 120 cm with a wingspan of more than 1.5 meters. The flamingo, unlike the other animals, is not tame and it is thought that this is because they have not been present on the islands very long. This fish-eater cannot dive underwater and often steals its prey from other birds. The best place to see this bird is Seymour, a rock off the coast of Baltra.
The beautiful blue-footed gannets and the red-footed and masked gannets live in small groups. The masked is the largest species and the red-footed the smallest. What is special is that the females can take an egg between the membranes to another place. Genovesa Island is home to a red-footed colony of an estimated 300,000 birds. The blue-footed breed mainly occurs on the small island of Daphne Major.
The Galápagos pinguïn is the most northerly species of pinguïn. It is one of the smallest species and often does not exceed 50 cm. Nesting grounds can often be found on the islands of Isabela and Fernandina.
The most common birds are the famous Darwin finches. There are thirteen species, all of which are probably descended from one species. The study of these birds led, among other things, to Darwin's theory of evolution. He found that through natural selection, the birds can evolve in a direction that offers the best chance for survival. The four species of mockingbirds probably also descend from one ancestor.
The red flycatcher is found in the highlands. This little bird makes ludicrous movements in the air. Another species is the Galápagos flycatcher.
Other common birds include owls, tropic birds, gulls (endemic are the swallow-tailed gull and lava gull), herons (including great blue heron, lava heron and night heron) and pelicans. Endemic species include the Galápagos hawk (actually a buzzard!) And the Galápagos pigeon.
Reptiles
Iguana Galapagos IslandsPhoto: Jimrules 42 at en wikipedia CC 3.0 Unported no changes made
The iguanas or Iguanas look prehistoric. The marine iguana is the only one in the world that can stay underwater for a long time, some more than an hour. They mainly feed on seaweed and live mainly near Punta Suárez on Española island. On Isabela, Fernandina, Santa Cruz and Santa Féthere are two species of endangered land iguanas that can grow to more than 1.5 meters. They can live to be about 60 years old.
The endemic giant tortoise is also facing extinction due to the centuries-long hunt for the animal. The islands are named after these animals. About 15,000 animals still live there, most of them in reserves. Fourteen subspecies have existed, three of which are already extinct. They can weigh 250 kilos and grow up to 1.5 meters in height. The maximum age is estimated at about 150 years. The Pacific Green Sea Turtle is one of the four species of sea turtles found in the GaláPagos Islands. They are smaller than their fellow countrymen, but can still weigh as much as 150 kilos. Other species that can sometimes be seen: the leatherback turtle and the loggerhead turtle.
Three species of the genus Dromicus occur on the islands. They are choke snakes that can grow to about 1 meter long. Other reptiles include geckos and lava lizards.
Mammals
The Galápagos fur seal is very similar to the sea lion, but much smaller. The fur seal mainly lives on the island of Santiago. The approximately 50,000 sea lions live spread over almost all islands. They can reach a weight of 250 kilos.
Seven species of whales live around the Galápagos islands, including sperm whales, fin whales and orcas. Dolphins are abundant, especially the common dolphin and the bottle-nose dolphin. In addition to a few species of Galápagos rats, only one bat species occurs.
Crustaceans and fish
Sally Lightfoot crab Galapagos IslandsPhoto:Bargbagger CC 3.0 Unported no changes made
Particularly striking are the red/orange Sally Lightfoot crabs that stand out nicely against the black lava sand. Also octopuses, barnacles, lobsters and sea urchins.
The most striking fish are the rays. The largest is the manta with a wingspan of up to six meters. Other species include the spotted eagle ray and the golden ray, which sometimes swim around in impressive schools. The stingray can injure you if you step on it. Sharks come in many species around the islands. The hammerhead shark is the most striking appearance, reaching up to five meters in length. Other species include the Galápagoshark and the white-tip reef shark.
Furthermore, underwater nature has many tropical fish and large quantities of coral, including the rare black coral. A random list: meter-long tunas, sticklebacks, sea bass, seahorses, parrotfish, hedgehog fish, yellow-tailed surgeonfish and whiteband kingfish.
Puerta Ayora on the island of Santa cruz, Galapagos IslandsPhoto: A Flores Lopez CC 3.0 Unported no changes made
Sources
Ecuador
Cambium
Luft, A. / Reishandboek Ecuador en de Galápagoseilanden
Elmar,
Rachowiecki, R. / Ecuador & the Galápagos islands
Lonely Planet
Renterghem, O. van / Ecuador : mensen, politiek, economie, cultuur
Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen/Novib
Vries, W. de / Ecuador, Galápagos
Gottmer
CIA - World Factbook
BBC - Country Profiles
Copyright: Team The World of Info